Python – Thread Scheduling

Thread scheduling in Python is a process of deciding which thread runs at any given time. In a multi-threaded program, multiple threads are executed independently, allowing for parallel execution of tasks. However, Python does not have built-in support for controlling thread priorities or scheduling policies directly. Instead, it relies on the operating system”s thread scheduler.

Python threads are mapped to native threads of the host operating system, such as POSIX threads (pthreads) on Unix-like systems or Windows threads. The operating system”s scheduler manages the execution of these threads, including context switching, thread priorities, and scheduling policies. Python provides basic thread scheduling capabilities through the threading.Timer class and the sched module.

In this tutorial will learn the basics of thread scheduling in Python, including how to use the sched module for scheduling tasks and the threading.Timer class for delayed execution of functions.

Scheduling Threads using the Timer Class

The Timer class of the Python threading module allows you to schedule a function to be called after a certain amount of time. This class is a subclass of Thread and serves as an example of creating custom threads.

You start a timer by calling its start() method, similar to threads. If needed, you can stop the timer before it begins by using the cancel() method. Note that the actual delay before the action is executed might not match the exact interval specified.

Example

This example demonstrates how to use the threading.Timer() class to schedule and manage the execution of tasks (custom threads) in Python.

import threading
import time

# Define the event function
def schedule_event(name, start):
   now = time.time()
   elapsed = int(now - start)
   print(''Elapsed:'', elapsed, ''Name:'', name)

# Start time
start = time.time()
print(''START:'', time.ctime(start))

# Schedule events using Timer
t1 = threading.Timer(3, schedule_event, args=(''EVENT_1'', start))
t2 = threading.Timer(2, schedule_event, args=(''EVENT_2'', start))

# Start the timers
t1.start()
t2.start()

t1.join()
t2.join()
# End time
end = time.time()
print(''End:'', time.ctime(end))

On executing the above program, it will produce the following output −

START: Tue Jul  2 14:46:33 2024
Elapsed: 2 Name: EVENT_2
Elapsed: 3 Name: EVENT_1
End: Tue Jul  2 14:46:36 2024

Scheduling Threads using the sched Module

The sched module in Python”s standard library provides a way to schedule tasks. It implements a generic event scheduler for running tasks at specific times. It provides similar tools like task scheduler in windows or Linux.

Key Classes and Methods of the sched Module

The scheduler() class is defined in the sched module is used to create a scheduler object. Here is the syntax of the class −

scheduler(timefunc=time.monotonic, delayfunc=time.sleep)

The methods defined in scheduler class include −

• scheduler.enter(delay, priority, action, argument=(), kwargs={}) − Events can be scheduled to run after a delay, or at a specific time. To schedule them with a delay, enter() method is used.

• scheduler.cancel(event) − Remove the event from the queue. If the event is not an event currently in the queue, this method will raise a ValueError.

• scheduler.run(blocking=True) − Run all scheduled events.

Events can be scheduled to run after a delay, or at a specific time. To schedule them with a delay, use the enter() method, which takes four arguments.

• A number representing the delay

• A priority value

• The function to call

• A tuple of arguments for the function

Example

This example demonstrates how to schedule events to run after a delay using the sched module. It schedules two different events −

import sched
import time

scheduler = sched.scheduler(time.time, time.sleep)

def schedule_event(name, start):
   now = time.time()
   elapsed = int(now - start)
   print(''elapsed='',elapsed, ''name='', name)

start = time.time()
print(''START:'', time.ctime(start))
scheduler.enter(2, 1, schedule_event, (''EVENT_1'', start))
scheduler.enter(5, 1, schedule_event, (''EVENT_2'', start))

scheduler.run()

# End time
end = time.time()
print(''End:'', time.ctime(end))

It will produce the following output −

START: Tue Jul  2 15:11:48 2024
elapsed= 2 name= EVENT_1
elapsed= 5 name= EVENT_2
End: Tue Jul  2 15:11:53 2024

Example

Let”s take another example to understand the concept better. This example schedules a function to perform an addition after a 4-second delay using the sched module in Python.

import sched
from datetime import datetime
import time

def addition(a,b):
   print("Performing Addition : ", datetime.now())
   print("Time : ", time.monotonic())
   print("Result {}+{} =".format(a, b), a+b)

s = sched.scheduler()

print("Start Time : ", datetime.now())

event1 = s.enter(4, 1, addition, argument = (5,6))
print("Event Created : ", event1)
s.run()
print("End Time : ", datetime.now())

It will produce the following output −

Start Time :  2024-07-02 15:18:27.862524
Event Created :  Event(time=2927111.05638099, priority=1, sequence=0, action=<function addition at 0x7f31f902bd90>, argument=(5, 6), kwargs={})
Performing Addition :  2024-07-02 15:18:31.866381
Time :  2927111.060294749
Result 5+6 = 11
End Time :  2024-07-02 15:18:31.866545